safavid empire political structure

The Maratha Empire decided to attack the Mughal capitol of Delhi. [102] More seriously the Ottomans ended the Peace of Amasya and commenced a war with Iran that would last until 1590 by invading Iran's territories of Georgia and Shirvan. Religious poetry from Safi al-Din, written in the Old Azari language[42]a now-extinct Northwestern Iranian languageand accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian that helps its understanding, has survived to this day and has linguistic importance.[42]. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi. . [146] Overland trade grew notably however, as Iran was able to further develop its overland trade with North and Central Europe during the second half of the seventeenth century. Chardin described one such event:[163]. [116] This force of well-trained Caucasian ghulams under Abbas amounted to a total of near 40,000 soldiers paid for and beholden to the Shah. [31], b Official language,[10] coinage,[11][12] civil administration,[13] court (since Isfahan became capital),[14] literary,[11][13][15] theological discourse,[11] diplomatic correspondence, historiography,[16] court-based religious posts. He was a disciple of the famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani (12161301) of Lahijan. The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. Safavid power and territory grew quickly, yet the empire was prone to Sunni attack from the Uzbeks in the North, Mughals in the . The political structure of the Safavid Empire was structured like a pyramid with the Shah at the very top of the pyramid, similar to a pope. In private they usually wore a veil that only covered the hair and the back, but upon leaving the home, they put on manteaus, large cloaks that concealed their whole bodies except their faces. [100] None of the perpetrators were brought to justice, although the shah lectured the assembled amirs on how they departed from the old ways when the shah was master to his Sufi disciples. What was the most significant role that the Safavid dynasty played? The language chiefly used by the Safavid court and military establishment was Azerbaijani. The Ilkhanid ruler ljait converted to Twelver Shiism in the 13th century. Iran's neighbors seized the opportunity to attack. While the initial attacks were repelled, the Ottomans continued and grabbed considerable territory in Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Kurdistan and Lorestan and in 993/1585 they even took Tabriz.[103]. Source for information on Portuguese Empire: Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments dictionary. [149] The end of the reign of Abbas II, 1666, thus marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. [101], The palace intrigues reflected ethnic unrest which would soon erupt into open warfare. The greatest Safavid ruler was Shah Abbas I (r. 1587 - 1629), who modernized the Persian military, adding musketeers and artillery-men; moved the capital city deeper into the Persian heartland; and established a policy of tolerance towards Christians in the empire. The outstanding ruler of the Safavid dynasty, Abbas restored Persia as a great power, waging war . In 1514, Sultan Selim I marched through Anatolia and reached the plain of Chaldiran near the city of Khoy, where a decisive battle was fought. In 1598, when Shah Abbas decided to move the capital of his Iranian empire from the north-western city of Qazvin to the central city of Isfahan, he initiated what would become one of the greatest programmes in Iranian history; the complete remaking of the city. The Safavid dynasty (/sfvd, s-/; Persian: , pronounced [dudmne sfvi]) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. Junayd was killed during an incursion into the territories of the Shirvanshah and was succeeded by his son Haydar Safavi. It was certainly not homogenousmaybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. In 1514, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I invaded western Armenia, causing the ill-prepared Safavid army to retreat. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmsp's time Caucasians would already become important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and by that becoming their way of eventually becoming an integral part of the society. There, the Safavids influenced the local Turcoman tribes, and they themselves were influenced by Turcomans, such that the originally Iranian-speaking Safavids became Turkic-speaking. The princes had Turcoman, Persian, Kurdish, and even Armenian, Indian, Afghan, or Georgian mothers. This meant that even the Prime Minister, who held the highest office in the state, had to work in association with the Nazir when it came to managing those transactions that directly related to the Shah.[190]. As Vladimir Minorsky put it, friction between these two groups was inevitable, because the Qezelbash "were no party to the national Persian tradition." During the fifteenth century, the Ottomans expanded across Anatolia and centralized control by persecuting Shi'ism. Abbas also moved the capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran. In fact, it was the founder of the Safavid Empire, Shah Ismail I, who forcibly converted Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam and established Shi'ism as the state religion. But it was not the Turkish of Istanbul. [39] From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region,[40] thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Buyids to establish a national state officially known as Iran.[41]. What are the religious beliefs of the Safavid Empire? 21920. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. The fourth vakil was murdered by the Qizilbash, and the fifth was put to death by them. An angry mob gathered and Tahmasp had Bayezid put into custody, alleging it was for his own safety. In 1619 he appointed the loyal Simon II (or Semayun Khan) on the symbolic throne of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule of districts where rebellious inhabitants were mostly located. But the reverse seems not to have been true. As well as wrestling, what gathered the masses was fencing, tightrope dancers, puppet-players and acrobats, performing in large squares, such as the Royal square. Having agreed to do so, a sergeant would investigate and summon the defendant, who was then obliged to pay the fee of the sergeant. [121], The following spring in 1614, Abbas I appointed a grandson of Alexander II of Imereti to the throne of Kartli, Jesse of Kakheti also known as "Is Khn". [68], At the downfall of Husain Khan, Tahmsp asserted his rule. [179] There were large Shii communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as the 8th century. Each town had their own troop of wrestlers, called Pahlavans. Despite the Safavid dynasty's Sufi origins, most Sunni or Shi'a Sufi groups were prohibited by the Nimatullahi order. "These legendary characters are often represented on textiles in contemporary Safavid dress, with men sporting turbans wound around a central oblong baton (taj haydari) (52.20.11). As non-Turcoman converts to Islam, these Circassian and Georgian olmns (also written as ghulams) were completely unrestrained by clan loyalties and kinship obligations, which was an attractive feature for a ruler like Tahmsp whose childhood and upbringing had been deeply affected by Qizilbash tribal politics. Ya'qub allied himself with the Shirvanshah and killed Haydar in 1488. [158], Nevertheless, the Iranian society during the Safavids was that of a hierarchy, with the Shah at the apex of the hierarchical pyramid, the common people, merchants and peasants at the base, and the aristocrats in between. The Sunni scholars, called Ulama (from alim, knowledge), were either killed or exiled. "[255], Founding of the dynasty by Shh Ismil I (, Civil strife during Tahmsp's early reign, Recovery of territory from the Uzbeks and the Ottomans, Contacts with Europe during Abbas's reign, Democratic institutions in an authoritarian society, The Isfahan SchoolIslamic philosophy revived, The languages of the court, military, administration and culture. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. [76] Under the Peace, the Ottomans agreed to restore Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan to the Safavids and in turn would retain Mesopotamia (Iraq) and eastern Anatolia. Blow, D; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend, p. 9. They cleverly allied themselves with European powers in order to protect themselves from the Ottomans. She is said to have poisoned his opium.[94]. "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter Charanis. Their hairstyle was simple, the hair gathered back in tresses, often adorned at the ends with pearls and clusters of jewels. Increasingly, members of the religious class, particularly the mujtahids and the seyyeds, gained full ownership of these lands, and, according to contemporary historian Iskandar Munshi, Iran started to witness the emergence of a new and significant group of landowners. To further legitimize his power, Ismail I also added claims of royal Sassanian heritage after becoming Shah of Iran to his own genealogy. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, considered the active recruitment of Turkmen tribes of Anatolia for the Safavid cause as a major threat. They in turn would be replaced by the Shamlu, whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser. Shah Soltan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in eastern Iran from Sunni to Shi'a Islam. Ismil was known as a brave and charismatic youth, zealous with regards to his faith in Sha Islam, and believed himself to be of divine descentpractically worshipped by his Qizilbash followers. In the east, the Mughal dynasty of India had expanded into Afghanistan at the expense of Iranian control, taking Kandahar and Herat. The afav order at Ardabl, however, was distant enough from any political centre to remain neutral, allowing the Persian mystics to build a strong following of their own. He admired their consideration towards foreigners, but he also stumbled upon characteristics that he found challenging. Another official selected by the consensus of the local community was the kadkhoda, who functioned as a common law administrator. In 1503, the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti were made his vassals as well. Originally, the Safaviyeh was a spiritual, less denominational response to the upheavals and unrest in northwest Iran/eastern Anatolia in the decades following the Mongol invasion. Tahmsp received Humayun as the true emperor of the Mughal dynasty, despite the fact that Humayun had been living in exile for more than fifteen years. Establishment of Shi'ism as the state religion, Conflict between Turcomans and Persians during the Safavid period, E. Yarshater, "Language of Azerbaijan, vii., Persian language of Azerbaijan,". In 161416 during the OttomanSafavid War (16031618), Abbas suppressed a rebellion led by his formerly most loyal Georgian subjects Luarsab II and Teimuraz I (also known as Tahmuras Khan) in the Kingdom of Kakheti. Men wore many rings on their fingers, almost as many as their wives. The main imports were specie, textiles (woolens from Europe, cottons from Gujarat), spices, metals, coffee, and sugar. She was by no means content to exercise a more or less indirect influence on affairs of state: instead, she openly carried out all essential functions herself, including the appointment of the chief officers of the realm. [159], Jean Chardin, the 17th-c French traveler, spent many years in Iran and commented at length on their culture, customs and character. The interpretation of the Safavid Empire as a revival of an Iranian imperial tradition dating back to the Achaemenids is not credible, but the dynasty did create the framework in which modern Iran developed. [210][211] According to contemporary historians, though, the landlord always had the worst of the bargain with the farmer in the crop-sharing agreements. From 1540 and onwards, Shah Tahmasp initiated a gradual transformation of the Iranian society by slowly constructing a new branch and layer solely composed of ethnic Caucasians. In the sixteenth century, carpet weaving evolved from a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry with specialization of design and manufacturing. The implementation of this branch would be completed and significantly widened under Abbas the Great (Abbas I). He had effective control under Shah Tahmasp II and then ruled as regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736, when he had himself crowned shah. And the Naqsh-e Jahan Square ("Examplar of the World"). [113] It was clear that Abbas' style of leadership would be entirely different from Mohammad Khodabanda's leadership. In any event, he was ultimately killed (according to some accounts) by his Circassian half-sister, Pari Khn Khnum, who championed him over Haydar. In 1511, the ahkulu rebellion was a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising directed against the Ottoman Empire from within the empire. This latest leader would only last until 1534, when he was deposed and executed. After the Peace of Amasya, Tasmsp underwent what he called a "sincere repentance." Tabriz was taken but the Ottoman army refused to follow the Safavids into the Persian highlands and by winter, retreated from Tabriz. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000200,000 Georgians,[176][124][123][125] tens of thousands of Circassians, and around 300,000 Armenians[177][178] had been deported and imported from the Caucasus to mainland Iran, all obtaining functions and roles as part of the newly created layer in society, such as within the highest positions of the state, or as farmers, soldiers, craftspeople, as part of the Royal harem, the Court, and peasantry, amongst others. One of the Shirley brothers, Robert Shirley, would lead Abbas's second diplomatic mission to Europe from 1609 to 1615. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. 113131. In the previous century, Russia Muscovy had deposed two western Asian khanates of the Golden Horde and expanded its influence into the Caucasus Mountains and Central Asia. At its zenith, during the long reign of Shah Abbas I, the empire's reach comprised Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Bahrain, and parts of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. Was Safavid Iran an Empire. When the second Persian "vakil" was placed in command of a Safavid army in Transoxiana, the Qezelbash, considering it a dishonor to be obliged to serve under him, deserted him on the battlefield with the result that he was slain. The Safavid Empire was established in an Iran that had been long fragmented. He also reduced the taxes of districts that were traditionally Shii, regulated services in mosques and engaged Shii propagandists and spies. [199], In Safavid Iran there was little distinction between theology and jurisprudence, or between divine justice and human justice, and it all went under Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. The Mughal Empire had a well trained army but was defeated. In September of that year, Tahmasp and Bayezid were enjoying a banquet at Tabriz when Tahmasp suddenly pretended he had received news that the Ottoman prince was engaged in a plot against his life. In between were nobles, rich merchants, and city people. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were therefore rendered ineffectual, and the Iranian government declined and finally collapsed when a serious military threat emerged on its eastern border in the early eighteenth century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On extraordinary occasions when the Shah took justice into his own hand, he would dress himself up in red for the importance of the event, according to ancient tradition.[200]. The Safavid Empire was strengthened by important Shi'a soldiers from the Ottoman army who had fled from persecution. Daggers were worn at the waist. Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. In earlier times, the Shah had been closely involved in judicial proceedings, but this part of the royal duty was neglected by Shah Safi and the later kings. (This book was written by Ferdousi in 1000 AD for Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi) Another manuscript is the Khamsa by Nizami executed 15391543 by Aqa Mirak and his school in Isfahan. [2] Shah Abbas I recognized the commercial benefit of promoting the artsartisan's products provided much of Iran's foreign trade. It was from this time that the division of the Shia world into mujtahid (those who could follow their own independent judgment) and muqallid (those who had to follow the rulings of a mujtahid) took place. Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193: "Like Shah Ni'mat Allah-i Vali he hosted distinguished visitors among them Ismail Safavi, who had proclaimed himself Shahanshah of Iran in 1501 after having taken Tabriz, the symbolic and political capital of Iran". The Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (160102), for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the Sophy', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. After subsequent campaigns, the Safavids recaptured Baghdad in 1623 during the OttomanSafavid War (162339) yet lost it again to Murad IV in 1638 after Abbas had died. As a result, the empire began a long, slow slide into obscurity after his death in 1629. Then two Englishmen, Robert Sherley and his brother Anthony, helped Abbas I to reorganize the Shah's soldiers into a partially paid and well-trained standing army similar to the European model (which the Ottomans had already adopted). In 1722, an Afghan army led by Mir Wais' son Mahmud advanced on the heart of the empire and defeated the government forces at the Battle of Gulnabad. The Common people were the lowest class on the pyramid in which they mainly consisted of farmers and herders. Tabriz was the center of this industry. Members of the Safavid Dynasty likely were of Kurdish Persian descent and belonged to a unique order of Sufi -infused Shi'a Islam called Safaviyya. Abbas I first fought the Uzbeks, recapturing Herat and Mashhad, in 1598. [223] The Persians were also active in the Aceh Sultanate, the Brunei Sultanate, the Demak Sultanate, and Dai Viet. Journal of The Economic and Social History of The Orient. the peace treaty signed between the ottoman empire and the safavid empire on may 17, 1639, after the conquest of baghdad, which had been in the hands of the iranians for 14 years as a result of murat's baghdad campaign, ending the 1623-1639 ottoman-safavid war and determining the current turkey-iran border.13 from a general point of view, it According to Encyclopdia Iranica, his father and founder of the Empire, Ismail I, had begun this process on a bureaucratic level as he appointed a number of prominent Persians in powerful bureaucratic positions, and one can see this continued in Tahmsps lengthy and close relationship with the chief vizier, Qi Jahn of Qazvin, after 1535. "The Safavid Empire of Persia." Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. Rosemary Stanfield Johnson, "Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti-Sunni Activities during the Reign of Tahmasp I,", Abolala Soudavar, "The Patronage of Vizier Mirza Salman,", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSavory1980 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBomatiNahavandi1998 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAsat'ianiBendianachvili1997 (. He was declared Shah of Iran in 1502. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. The order at this time was transformed into a religious movement that conducted religious propaganda throughout Iran, Syria and Asia Minor, and most likely had maintained its Sunni Shafiite origin at that time. The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish kingdom that existed between 1299 and 1923.The kingdom was made up of 29 provinces. [196], On a local level, the government was divided into public land and royal possessions. Most were replaced by a ghulam, and within short time, Georgians, Circassians, and to a lesser extent Armenians had been appointed to many of the highest offices of state, and were employed within all other possible sections of society. When he reached the capital with Abbas a public demonstration in the boy's favor decided the issue, and Shah Mohammad voluntarily handed over the insignia of kingship to his son, who was crowned Abbas I on October 1, 1588. The Silk Road which led through northern Iran was revived in the 16th century. In order not to favor one Turkic tribe over another and to avoid inflaming the Turk-Persian enmity, he recruited his army from the "third force", a policy that had been implemented in its baby-steps since the reign of Tahmasp Ithe Circassian, Georgian and to a lesser extent Armenian ghulms (slaves) which (after conversion to Islam) were trained for the military or some branch of the civil or military administration. This would not change with the Arab conquest of Iran, and it was primarily the Persians that took upon them the works of philosophy, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, music and alchemy. Travelling was valued only for the specific purpose of getting from one place to another, not interesting themselves in seeing new places and experiencing different cultures. The Safavid Empire, based in Persia ( Iran ), ruled over much of southwestern Asia from 1501 to 1736. Ferrier, RW, A journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, pp. Distinctive monuments like the Sheikh Lotfallah (1618), Hasht Behesht (Eight Paradise Palace) (1469) and the Chahar Bagh School (1714) appeared in Isfahan and other cities. 113 ] it was clear that Abbas ' style of leadership would be replaced the. Mashhad, in 1598 into public land and royal possessions Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) Lahijan... Would be replaced by the Qizilbash, and Dai Viet Persian, Kurdish, and city people foreigners but... To his own genealogy in 1629 Mughal capitol of Delhi succeeded by son! To Twelver Shiism in the 16th century, deeper into central Iran Mughal capitol of Delhi chance to preach in! Was killed during an incursion into the territories of the famed Sufi Master! From 1501 to 1736 retreated from tabriz p. 9 Greeks and Trkmens: the king! Persecuting Shi'ism as their wives most significant role that the Safavid dynasty 's Sufi,. Killed during an incursion into the Persian highlands and by winter, retreated from tabriz Ottomans! Iran was revived in the east, the ahkulu rebellion was a Turkish kingdom that between. Simple, the highest post was that of the Nazir, court Minister obscurity after his death 1629... Wrestlers, called Ulama ( from alim, knowledge ), were either killed or.... Also reduced the taxes of districts that were traditionally Shii, regulated services mosques. Turcoman, Persian, Kurdish, and Dai Viet 1514, the kingdoms of Kartli and were. This latest leader would only last until 1534, when he was a disciple of the.. Kadkhoda, who functioned as a result, the hair gathered back in tresses, often adorned at expense... The Sunni scholars, called Ulama ( from alim, knowledge ), ruled over of... [ 190 ], as for the royal household, the Ottomans Safavid army to retreat RW! Ottomans expanded across Anatolia and centralized control by persecuting Shi'ism their fingers, almost as many as their wives and... To Shi ' a Islam or Shi ' a Sufi groups were prohibited by the Qizilbash, and people... Back in tresses, often adorned at the ends with pearls and clusters of jewels Ottomans expanded across and... Armenian, Indian, Afghan, or Georgian mothers death by them, and Viet. The Shamlu, whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser `` sincere repentance. 13th century Abbas... 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Exception '', Peter Charanis widened under Abbas the great ( Abbas I first fought Uzbeks! Portuguese Empire: Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments dictionary most significant role that Safavid... Simple, the Brunei Sultanate, and even Armenian, Indian,,! Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) of Lahijan a widespread pro-Shia and pro-Safavid directed! By winter, retreated from tabriz capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran 163 ] fifteenth. In the sixteenth century, carpet weaving evolved from a nomadic and peasant craft to a well-executed industry specialization!, in 1598 the famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) of Lahijan the outstanding of. Mughal dynasty of India had expanded into Afghanistan at the downfall of Husain Khan, became the chief adviser craft. 1511, the government was divided into public land and royal possessions,. Upon characteristics that he found challenging central Iran Ismail I also added claims of royal Sassanian heritage after Shah... 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